For each of the following situations, provide a plausible explanation for how it could lead to unrestricted cell division. (a) Colon cancer cells often contain mutations in the gene encoding the prostaglandin E_2 receptor. PGE_2 is a growth factor required for the division of cells in the gastrointestinal tract. (b) Kaposi sarcoma, a common tumor in people with untreated AIDS, is caused by a virus carrying a gene for a protein similar to the chemokine receptors CXCR 1 and CXCR2. Chemokines are cell-specific growth factors. (c) Adenovirus, a tumor virus, carries a gene for the protein E1A, which binds to the retinoblastoma protein, pRb. (Hint: See Fig. 12-37.) (d) An important feature of many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is their celltype specificity. For example, mutations in the PGE_ receptor are not typically found in lung tumors. Explain this observation. (Note that PGE _2 acts through a GPCR in the plasma membrane.)
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